Thus practitioners also need guidance about which meaning senses are the most useful to address in instruction or tests. Research indicates that phrasal verbs are highly polysemous, having on average 5.6 meaning senses, although many of these are infrequent and peripheral. There are phrasal verb lists available (Gardner and Davies, 2007 Liu, 2011), but these have a serious pedagogical shortcoming in that they do not account for polysemy. Phrasal verb dictionaries typically try to be comprehensive, and this results in a very large number of phrasal verbs being listed, which does not help practitioners in selecting the most important ones to teach or test. However, there are thousands of phrasal verbs in English, and so the question for practitioners is which phrasal verbs to focus attention upon. As researchers and practitioners are becoming more aware of the importance of multi-word items in English, there is little doubt that phrasal verbs deserve teaching attention in the classroom.
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